How solar panels are made

How solar panels are made (Discovery Channel program)

Renewable Wind energy videos

Below videos show the inventions and projects using wind energy.

How a homebuilt wind turbine create usable Electrical Power



Vertical wind turbine works better than horizontal ones in turbulent airflow


This is a new type of wind turbine. This disk-like shape can yield winds energy up to 40%, much more than the conventional propeller shape wind turbines.

Matlab သံုးနည္း ျမန္မာလို ပို့ခ်ခ်က္မ်ား

ကေနာင္ ဆိုသူ တင္ျပေသာ ၊ Matlab သံုးနည္း ျမန္မာလို ပို့ခ်ခ်က္မ်ားကို ေအာက္ပါဗြီဒီယိုမ်ားတြင္ ၾကည့္နိုင္သည္ ။

Matlab Introduction



Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) using Matlab



FFT Power Spectrum using Matlab



FFT Mag and Phase with matlab

Myanmar National Grid and Rainfall Data

Re-post from here

Bioeconomy glossary

Re-post from this SOURCE

Biobased economy: "Bioeconomy" and "biobased economy" describe a future in which people rely more on renewable resources to meet society's needs for energy, chemicals and raw materials. Instead of an economy dependent on the planet's limited supply of nonrenewable resources such as petroleum and coal, we will convert biomass -- plant material and municipal and livestock waste -- into electricity, fuels, plastics and the basic components of chemical processes.

Biodiesel: A fuel made from plant oils that can be used in a conventional diesel engine.

Bioenergy: Renewable energy made from organic matter. The organic matter may be used directly as a fuel or processed into liquids or gases.

Biofuel: Fuel made from renewable resources such as cellulose, corn or plant oils. Ethanol, biodiesel and methanol are all biofuels.

Biomass: Renewable organic matter, including wood and other forest products, plants, agricultural crops, human and animal waste, and aquatic plants.

Bioproducts: Products made from renewable resources or processed from renewable resources.

Biorefinery: A factory where biomass is processed into biofuels, biochemicals, biomaterials and other bioproducts. Byproducts are used to power the factory or are turned into other products.



Cellulose: A carbohydrate in plants. Cellulose makes plant stems, stalks and trunks rigid and gives structure to cell walls.

Greenhouse gas: A gas that traps heat from the sun in the Earth's atmosphere and produces greenhouse effects. Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas. Others include nitrous oxide and methane.

Nanotechnology: Technology that works at the atomic or molecular level.

Petrochemicals: Chemicals made from oil, natural gas or other fossilized hydrocarbons.

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Re-post from this SOURCE

Biofuel
A fuel made from biological materials, usually plants. Ethanol and biodiesel are two different types of biofuels. Fossil fuels (which are formed underground) are distinct from biofuels.

Biodiesel
A fuel derived from sources such as vegetable oils that is the equivalent of diesel refined from petroleum; diesel has a higher energy density than gasoline. A variety of oils serve as a source of biodiesel including rapeseed, soybean, and even waste vegetable oil. Other crops that show promise include mustard, flax, sunflower, canola, and even algae.

Carbon neutral
Over its life cycle, a product or process that does not add more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. For instance, a plant consumes carbon dioxide while it grows, then when transformed into and used as fuel such as ethanol it releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. Plant-derived fuels have the potential to be carbon neutral.

Carbon sequestration
The capture and long-term storage of carbon dioxide before it is emitted into the atmosphere. One example: a system for filtering CO2 out of the emissions of a coal-fired power plant and pumping the CO2 deep underground.

Cellulosic biomass
The fibrous, woody, and generally inedible portions of plants that make up 75 percent or more of all plant material. (See sidebar at right for more details)

Ethanol
Also known as grain alcohol, a liquid produced by fermentation in which yeast metabolizes sugar, producing carbon dioxide and ethanol.

Lignin
A compound that accounts for roughly 25 percent of all plant material that provides rigidity and, together with cellulose, forms the woody cell walls of plants and the glue that binds these cells. Lignin is an excellent fuel and can be burned to provide heat, steam, and electricity.

Net energy
The energy provided by a fuel minus the energy required to produce or obtain it. For instance, the net energy of gasoline is reduced by the energy lost in extracting oil from deep in the earth, refining, and transporting it to consumers. Similarly, the net energy of corn ethanol is reduced by the energy required to make fertilizers; irrigate, grow, harvest and transport crops; and build refineries.

Synthetic biology
The design and construction of new biological entities such as enzymes, genetic circuits, and cells, or the redesign of existing biological systems. The field builds upon advances in molecular, cell, and systems biology and seeks to transform biology in the same way that synthesis transformed chemistry and that integrated circuit design transformed computing.

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A primer on 'cellulosic biomass'

Ethanol is the fastest-growing energy source in the world, yet it provides only about three percent of America's transportation fuels. In the United States, corn is the feedstock for almost all of the ethanol produced today, but its growth potential is limited. The big hope to increase ethanol production rests on tapping cellulose, which makes up the vast bulk of all plant materials, and finding better ways to transform it into liquid fuels.

Cellulosic biomass – cellulose and hemicellulose – comprises upward of 75 percent of all plant material. This material can be used as a low-grade fuel that can be burned, but currently it is difficult and costly to turn it into a liquid fuel like ethanol. The potential, however, is tantalizingly near. Cellulose and hemicellulose are polymers of sugar, but they are complex compounds not easily broken down into their simpler component sugars. Several processes are being used with some success now, but researchers are seeking faster, cheaper, more efficient ways to break down cellulosic biomass into sugars. Yeast can then ferment these sugars into ethanol.

What would be the source of cellulosic biomass? Candidates include agricultural plant wastes, plant wastes from industrial processes (sawdust, paper pulp), and crops grown specifically for fuel production, such as switchgrass and poplar trees.

Says Steve Chu, Nobel laureate and director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, "We should develop rapidly growing, self-fertilizing plants that convert carbon dioxide, sunlight, water and modest amounts of nutrients into biomass, such as cellulose, and more efficient means to convert the biomass and biowaste into usable forms of energy. Nature has found ways to convert cellulose within the stomach of a termite and at the bottom of a swamp. A promising avenue of research is to improve these microorganism communities or develop biology-inspired enzymes that can replace existing, less efficient processes."
-- Jeffery Kahn

Fluidized Bed Combustion Technology

က်ေနာ္ ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံကို ကိုးကားၿပီးေတာ့ လုပ္ထားတာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ က်ေနာ္တို႔ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံဟာလည္း ဆန္စပါးကိုပဲ အဓိကထား စားသုံးတဲ့ ႏိုင္ငံျဖစ္ေတာ့၊ ဒီစပါးခြံေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားဟာ waste ျဖစ္သြားတာ မ်ားၾကပါတယ္။ အဲဒီ စပါးခြံေတြကို ေလာင္စာ စြမ္းအင္အျဖစ္ ေျပာင္းလဲေအာင္ လုပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ သိပ္ၿပီးလည္း ကုန္က်စရိတ္ႀကီးႀကီးမားမားမရွိႏိုင္ပါ။ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ စီမံကိန္းေတြႏွင့္ ႏွဳိင္းယွဥ္ရင္ တပိုင္တႏိုင္ စုေပါင္းလုပ္ႏိုင္လိမ့္မယ္လို႔ျမင္ပါတယ္။ တစ္ျခားေလာင္စာအေၾကာင္းကုိ နားလည္တဲ့ ျပည္တြင္းျပည္ပ အင္ဂ်င္နီယာ မ်ားလည္း ကူၿပီးစဥ္းစားျဖည့္ဆည္းေပးၾကေစခ်င္ပါတယ္။ ဒါဟာ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံရဲ႕ ေလာင္စာစြမ္းအင္ရွားပါးမွဳကို ကိုယ္ထူကုိယ္ထ တစ္ပိုင္ တစ္ႏိုင္နဲ႕ လုပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ရပ္ကြက္ အလိုက္၊ ေက်းရြာအလိုက္၊ စုေပါင္းလုပ္ႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ က်ေနာ့္ရဲ႕လုပ္ထားတဲ့ project (Thailand) ကိုပဲ ျပန္လည္ ကိုးကားတင္ျပထားပါတယ္။ ေအာက္မွာ ၾကည့္ရွဴႏိုင္ပါတယ္။

Thailand is one of the largest producers of agriculture products, and in doing so, much waste is generated. These wastes known as biomass, which consists of rice husk, saw dust etc., if it is combusted efficiently, it can help put off some burden on the environment and also on the demand on fossil fuel which is increasing drastically.

Traditionally, part of the rice husk is used as an admixture in poultry feed and the balance is normally a disposal problem, in the absence of any market for the husk. Taking advantage of the lower cost of rice husks, small process industries located near the rice mills started using it as a fuel in their boilers to generate steam.

Thailand alone produces about 20 million tons of rice annually. Rice husk, which is the outer cellulose of rice grains are residue from the rice milling process, and accounts to a total of 23 percent of the rice weight. An available amount of rice husk is estimated to be about 2.3 to 3.7 million tons per year. Rice husk is considered to be one of the most viable biomass fuels in Thailand and has a Higher Heating Value of about 14MJ/Kg on average.

Fluidized Bed Combustion of biomass fuel has become a matured technology today. This has been introduced and developed in last 20 years. The main working principle is that the fuel is combusted in a turbulent bed of sand and ash which implies good heat transfer and mixing. One such project is also undertaken in Thailand with a joint project among Thammasat University and the Faculty of Engineer, Burapha University (BUU) is the project design and test of a Swirling Fluidized Bed Combustor (SFBC).

A way of describing the process of fluidization is to imagine a bed of solid particles kept in position on a plate inside a vertical tube with a conical bottom. The plate is perforated so that air can enter from the bottom through the plate and pass through the bed and secondary air to provide swirling conditions. Different air flows give different properties to the bed.

The firing of rice husk generates substantial NOx and CO emissions, and these values are influenced by various properties such as fuel properties, operating conditions and the design of the reactor. Due to the high fuel N content in the rice husk, and with elevated combustion temperatures, NOx emissions from the conventional Fluidize-bed systems ranges from 100 to 180 ppm (parts per millions) when firing the fuel with excess air values of 20 to 100 percent respectively as studied from past experiment conducted. However at low excess air ratio (less than 40 percent) CO emission from the fluidized bed combustion of rice husk is reported to be very high (basically, greater than 5000 ppm) and strongly dependent on excess air. On the contrary, at excess air above 60%, the CO emission is reduced to 600−1100 ppm and becomes almost independent of operating variables.

FBC အလုပ္ဘယ္လို အလုပ္ လုပ္သလဲဆိုတာကို ေဖာ္ျပေပးထားပါတယ္။

Vertical swirling flow FBC is with a conical bottom of 40 degrees.
The cone is 0.9 m in height and the rest of the cylindrical section is 2 m in height.
The primary air inlet is at the bottom of the conical part, which is connected to an air distributor that makes the air swirl.Connected to the cone is also the diesel burner.

Turn on air blower at the burner; this is significant because the fire back or even little particle of sand will cause damage to the igniter.

Primary air is switching on so that the sand at that moment which lies inside the combustor starts to swirl.

It manually holds onto the button “ignite” and a spark must be observed at the igniter through a small hole at the side of igniter. (Be cautious that if there is no spark remark, it is most likely for diesel to pool and cause explosion. Therefore it is important to have a spark observe before diesel is unleash.)

Once the fire starts, slowly increase the rate of diesel feed into the combustor so the temperature reaches approximately around 600-800 throughout the whole combustor.

Adjusting the primary air and diesel feed rate will vary the temperature inside the combustor.

Once the temperature reaches approximately 600-800 degrees Celsius, the combustor is ready for the experiment.

Blower
This is a 25hp backward curve one stage air blower and is used to maintain a steady flow of primary air during combustor operations. This blower is capable of creating a pressure of 10kPa and a max flow rate of 0.5m3/sec.

Air Distributor




This is the air distributor at the bottom of the combustor that assists in the swirling of the air inside the combustor by discharging it tangential to the inner combustor wall.

This is a cyclone with a diameter of 40 cm and the purpose this device is to separate ash particles from flue gas during operations.


This is the diesel burner that is used to heat the sand to the required amount of 650 degrees Celsius. This device uses an air blower to spray the diesel oil and an high voltage electrical spark plug to ignite it. Also there are two burner nozzles, depending on the requirement both or just single one can be used.
(it will continue next post)